Steps to Buying a Home. Cal. HFA understands that buying a home is a huge responsibility; it is also a huge opportunity. Owning your home means you can paint the walls with your favorite color, plant flowers and vegetables if you choose and plant the seed for an investment in your future. Of course, before you leap into all of the benefits of homeownership, you should get prepared first. To help you get ready and get the most out of Cal. HFA’s loan programs and assistance, follow these easy steps. Step 1. Learn about Cal. HFA’s financing options and eligibility requirements. Most people borrow the large amount of money they need to buy a home. This type of borrowing is called a first mortgage loan. There are also mortgage loans that can help out with down payment or closing costs, called junior loans. Cal. HFA has first and junior loan options for low to moderate income families, including low to zero interest rate down payment assistance loans. Although many of our programs are for first- time homebuyers, you do not need to be a first- time homebuyer to use Cal. HFA's FHA and Conventional first mortgage loans. Cal. HFA does not accept loan applications directly. A Cal. HFA approved Lender will qualify you for a home loan, so you will need to apply with one of our Preferred Loan Officers or approved Lenders (See Step 2). You can find the details about Cal. HFA mortgage loans by clicking the “Loan Programs” tab above. You can find out more by clicking on the “Borrower & Property Eligibility” tabs above. Another option is to use our Eligibility Calculator to see what programs are right for you. Don’t forget to check with your local housing authorities and agencies for additional down payment assistance that you can use with Cal. HFA’s first mortgage and down payment assistance loans to lower your overall monthly mortgage payment. Step 2. Talk to a Cal. HFA Preferred Loan Officer to get pre- qualified for a loan amount. After determining if you are eligible for a Cal. HFA home loan, the next step is to speak to a knowledgeable loan officer and get pre- qualified to determine how much of a loan you can afford. You may also use a prequalification calculator to give you an idea of where you stand financially before contacting one of our Preferred Loan Officers. Lenders will figure how much you can borrow based on a formula. This formula considers your gross income, current debts, new mortgage payment (including taxes and insurance), and credit. Cal. HFA teams up with a number of preferred loan officers who know all about our programs, financing, documentation, eligibility and other details. Click on the “Find a Loan Officer” tab above to contact a Loan Officer in your area. Step 3. Attend a homebuyer education course if you are a first- time homebuyer. If you are a first- time homebuyer, and have been pre- qualified, you must attend a homebuyer education course. This education will help you understand the importance and responsibilities of homeownership. In order to obtain a Cal. HFA home loan, your loan officer must produce your certificate of completion from one of the following entities: Step 4. Figure out your needs and wants. Make a list of the things you'll need to have in your home, and a list of things you’ll want in your home. Ask yourself how many bedrooms and bathrooms you'll need and get an idea of how much space you want. How big do you want the kitchen to be? Do you need lots of closets and cabinet space? Do you need a big yard for your kids and/or pets to play in? Once you've made a list of your must- haves, don't forget to think about the kind of neighborhood you want, types of schools in the area, availability of public transportation, the length of your commute to and from work, and the convenience of local shopping. Arizona Housing Assistance Programs. There is a lot of housing assistance programs available for first time homebuyers in Arizona. 2012 Willo Home Tour; Buying An Arizona Home. Find out how to qualify for a first time home buyer FHA loan today. If you're a first time home buyer, we have first time home buyer programs. Take into account your safety concerns as well as the rate of home appreciation in the area. Choosing where you are going to live should be done with care. Step 5. Start looking for a home. This is the time to employ a real estate agent. A real estate agent will assist in finding a home within your budget and help you make an offer on the home. They’ll also know about open houses and help you through much of the paperwork involved in the home purchase. Once you’ve found a home that fits most of your needs and is in your price range, make an offer through your real estate agent. If your offer is accepted, congratulations! If not, don’t lose heart, and don’t feel pressured into making an offer that’s outside your budget; there are other homes just waiting for the right new owner.
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Pharmacy Technician Diploma Program . Through comprehensive learning objectives and practical hands- on training addressing the knowledge, skills and competencies outlined by the National Association of Pharmacy Regulatory Authorities (NAPRA), graduates of this program will be technically qualified to provide superior pharmacy technician performance. This includes the release pharmaceutical products accurately and safely in compliance with legislation and established policies and procedures. Contribute to quality assurance through collaboration, compliance, administrative functions, and critical thinking in the practice settings. Program Duration. The Pharmacy Technician Diploma program is 4. New to Practice (minimum requirement - CCAPP Accredited Program) Note: Canada Post may experience a service disruption. The Pharmacy Technician Diploma program at NAHB in Mississauga has been awarded the status of Provisional Accreditation by the CCAPP. ACPE Updates Memorandum of Understanding with the Canadian Council for Accreditation of. CCAPP is responsible for the accreditation. The mission of the Alcohol and Other Drug Studies Program is to. The AODS Certificate consists of an 11-course curriculum accredited by CAADE in 2004 and CCAPP in. We understand that obtaining the following requirements can seem difficult – it’s easier than you think. Please contact us if you require any assistance – we can help you every step of the way!): English, Grade 1. C or U) minimum mark 6. OR Grade 1. 1 (C or U), minimum mark 7. Biology, Grade 1. C or U) minimum mark 6. OR Grade 1. 1 (C or U), minimum mark 7. Chemistry, Grade 1. Counselor Certification Organizations. The Department of Health Care Services recognizes the following National Commission for Certifying Agencies (NCCA) accredited. Note: This message is displayed if (1) your browser is not standards-compliant or (2) you have you disabled CSS. Read our Policies for more information. The Pharmacy Technician program is accredited by the Canadian Council for Accreditation of Pharmacy Programs (CCAPP). Registration Process & Licensing for Pharmacy Technicians. Pathway 2- CCAPP Accredited Program Graduates. An accredited program is a program of study. C or U) minimum mark 6. OR Grade 1. 1 (C or U), minimum mark 7. Math, Grade 1. 2 (C or U) minimum mark 6. OR Grade 1. 1 (C or U), minimum mark 7. Grade 1. 2 or equivalent (transcript required)*Confidential current immunization report to be completed by a physician (detailed information on immunization requirements are available upon request). Current Canada- wide criminal record police check. English or French Language Proficiency (as per OCP)*For information on upgrading one or more required courses, see Independent Learning Centre (ILC), funded by the Ministry of Education http: //www. The purpose of the interview will be to access the student’s likely success within the industry. Focus will be on the prospective student’s understanding of the profession (including, but not limited to recent developments, the general roles and responsibility of a Pharmacy Technician, etc), interpersonal skills, attention to details and motivation. For more information on Pharmacy Technician Diploma Training and Related Information. Copyright . All Rights reserved. Legal name: The Johnson Business Academy Ltd. Website Designed by Higher Education Marketing. An Assessment of the Effectiveness of e- learning in Corporate Training Programs . Strother. Florida Institute of Technology. Abstract. Corporate managers are constantly looking for more cost- effective. E- learning is less expensive than. In addition, many expenses – booking. However, some firms that have. Keywords: e- Learning; corporate; economic. Economic Benefits of Corporate e- Learning. Hall and Le. Cavalier (2. IBM saved US $2. 00 million in 1. Using a blend of Web- based (8. Ernst and Young reduced training costs by 3. Another Look at Evaluating Training Programs. The primary purpose is to ensure that the stated. Evaluation of training and. Techniques for Evaluating Training Programs. Evaluating Welfare and Training Programs. As the current economic conditions are compelling companies to reconsider the expense and purpose of corporate training. Manual(on(TrainingEvaluation(. The pre/post test is a common form of evaluating training programs in terms of knowledge. The purpose is to provide. Purpose of Training and Development. Choose a Means of Evaluating Administer Training Evaluate the. Evaluating Training Programs. Evaluating Training Effectiveness. Kirkpatrick Model for Evaluating Effectiveness of Training Programs. Evaluating training effectiveness is important. Rockwell Collins reduced training expenditures by 4. Web- based training. Many other success stories exist. However, it is also true that some firms that have spent large amounts of money on new e- learning efforts have not received the desired economic advantages. In addition to generally positive economic benefits, other advantages such as convenience, standardized delivery, self- paced learning, and variety of available content, have made e- learning a high priority for many corporations. Much of the discussion about implementing e- learning has focused on the technology, but as Driscoll (2. There is no doubt that corporations are increasing their emphasis on e- learning. Forrester, an independent research firm that helps companies assess the effect of technology change on their operations, interviewed training managers at 4. Global 2. 50. 0 companies and found that all but one of them already had online initiatives in place (Dalton 2. A survey of 5. 00 training directors (Online Learning News, 2. Sixty percent had an e- learning initiative. Eight- six percent had a priority of converting current instructor- led sessions. Eighty percent will set up or expand knowledge- management programs. Seventy- eight percent were developing or enhancing electronic performance. ASTD (2. 00. 2), in its State of the Industry Report, noted that the year 2. The events of September 1. There is always a focus on the fiscal bottom line in corporate training; the comparatively low costs of e- learning are attractive. Even so, more corporations are looking at such options as blended learning, using more than one method of delivery (e. However, Clark (in Online Learning News 2. He feels they are making decisions based on programs they are familiar with rather than on concrete information about which programs actually produce effective results. Barron (2. 00. 1) observes that learning technology providers have been increasingly able to “demonstrate cost- savings and broader benefits, develop integrated offerings, and propose innovative ways of applying e- learning.” However, how do training managers decide which educational products and which learning technology providers actually produce effective results? How do they balance product quality with training costs? As the new corporate adage goes: “Wise training managers realize the bitterness of poor quality remains long after the sweetness of low price has been forgotten.” To justify making decisions about training programs independently of training cost considerations, managers need concrete measures of program effectiveness. While there is no doubt that we see an increasing number of case studies showing success with e- learning, it is still difficult to find solid research measures of learner achievement in the specialized setting of a corporate training program. Measuring Results. When we measure the results of e- learning, do we have to evaluate e- learning differently from traditional training methods? ASTD (2. 00. 0a) points out that current training evaluation techniques and processes can be expanded to include e- learning as a method of delivery. Indeed, they conclude that the techniques to evaluate e- learning are the same as evaluating other training solutions. How do we measure the results of e- learning, whatever the delivery method? Using Kirkpatrick’s classic model, any training – traditional or e- learning – can be evaluated at four progressive levels (Kirkpatrick 1. Level I: Reaction is a measure of learners’ reactions to the course. Level II: Learning is a measure of what they learned. Level III: Transfer is a measure of changes in their behavior when they return to the job after the training program. Level IV: Results is a measure of the business outcomes that occur because they are doing their jobs differently. Phillips (1. 99. 6) recommends the addition of a fifth level to Kirkpatrick’s model where appropriate. The new Level V is a measure of the Return on Investment (ROI), the cost- benefit ratio of training. In this level, the Level IV data are converted to monetary values and then compared with the cost of the training program. In spite of all the enthusiasm in corporate training programs for. An American Society of Training and Development (ASTD). Are they satisfied with what they learned? Do they regard the material as relevant to their work? Do they believe the material will be useful to them on the job? This level, therefore, does not measure learning; it simply measures how well the learners liked the training session. How do Learners Feel? It is not hard to find learner enthusiasm for e- learning. The majority of 1,0. Comments included: “I love that I have the flexibility to continue to hold a full time job.” “To study any time that best suits my busy schedule.” “I travel extensively.”. I was able to work with my instructor, receive tremendous technical support at all hours of the night and gain the same quality content and evaluation as my peers taking the same class on campus.” The survey reports that 7. This fact makes this study particularly relevant for corporate trainers who seek to fit e- learning into an already demanding work schedule. Corporations are beginning to gather more data on how their trainees feel about the use of e- learning technologies. For example, the following results were obtained from an ASTD- Masie Center study involving the experiences of more than 7. ASTD 2. 00. 1): Eighty- seven percent preferred to take digital courses during work hours. Fifty- two percent preferred e- learning in a workplace office area. Eighty- four percent would take a similar e- course if offered again. Thirty- eight percent said they generally preferred e- learning to classroom training. How do e- Learning Instructors Feel? This question is really an alternate application at Level I evaluation, examining the trainer rather than the trainee. For example, in a recent survey conducted by ecollege. Some said their students did even better online than in traditional classroom settings. In another Tele. Education study of 1. One faculty comment was: “Online students participate more, perform slightly better than, and are at least as satisfied as their on campus counterparts. From that I conclude that online education appears to be very effective!” (Tele. Education, 2. 00. These are qualitative results – both from the learners and instructors – but what about quantitative results? Level II – Learning. According to Kirkpatrick, learning is defined as the principles, facts, and techniques that are understood and absorbed by trainees. When trainers measure learning, they try to find out how much the skills, knowledge, or attitudes of their trainees have changed. Measuring learning requires a more rigorous process than a reaction survey. Ideally, both a pretest and posttest are given to trainees to determine how much they learned as a direct result of the training program. While many organizations do not measure at this level, other corporate training centers, such as Sun Corporation’s Network Academy, keep careful track of what employees have learned through the use of both pretests and posttests (Bylinsky, 2. What do Research Studies Show About Level II E- Learning? A comprehensive research bibliography on e- learning has received much attention. Compiled by Russell (1. The No Significant Difference Phenomenon provides one of the most frequently quoted rationales for the power of e- learning. This body of research demonstrates that no significant difference can be found no matter what medium is used for learning. In many of these studies, the model is asynchronous learning delivered to the learner on demand. The findings demonstrate that even with no instructor or face- to- face interaction, there are no significant differences in the amount of content learned. A related website, supported by Tele. Education NB, New Brunswick, Canada, includes extracts from more than 3. No Significant Difference phenomenon. This is one time that a finding of no significant differences is actually a compelling factor in favor of e- learning. If corporations can get all of the advantages of e- learning with the same level of results as an instructor- led classroom situation, then the economic advantage for e- learning becomes even stronger. Wegner, Holloway, and Garton (1. Southwest Missouri State University. Although there were no statistically significant differences in test scores, this two- semester study yielded qualitative data that indicated that students in the e- learning group had, overall, more positive feelings about their experience than did the control group. This observation is consistent with those found in a number of the “no significant difference” studies. However, it is becoming more common not to find the same level of results. While some studies show greater benefits in favor of face- to- face delivery, research results consistently demonstrate superior benefits of e- learning in general. In addition to higher performance results, there are other immediate benefits to students such as increased time on task, higher levels of motivation, and reduced test anxiety for many learners. Nettles, et al., (2. An alternate website to the No Significant Differences one, also supported by Tele. Education NB, features comparative studies that do show significant differences, most of which report positive results in favor of e- learning. For example, Maki, et al., (2. Shangri- La Construction – Los Angeles General Contractor. The Step Up on Second tenant improvement project consists of the both interior and exterior improvements to the four- story, type- V occupied facility that provides assistance for individuals and communities affected by serious mental illness and chronic homelessness. Interior renovations include demolition, new paint, vinyl flooring, carpet, cabinetry and window coverings in 3. Collaborating with the owner to develop a tenant relocation plan, units were vacated from the hours of 7 am and 7 pm and five units were completed daily. Improvements to common areas include new flooring, cabinetry, paint, plumbing, epoxy flooring in the 1st floor common areas (corridors and community rooms), new tile and paint in restrooms and new window coverings. The kitchen, which serves both the tenants and public, was demolished and completed and included new flooring, plumbing and kitchen equipment in just under three days. Exterior improvements include the repaint of the entire 6. The site, being in downtown Santa Monica, proved to be a logistical challenge. All work was completed within close proximity of the 3rd Street Promenade, therefore pedestrian traffic was significant. Our team’s main focus was the safety of the public. To ensure this, we provided the following: Inclusion of pedestrian signage/wayfinding. With limited off- hours, each step of the construction process and scheduling was considered – delays were not an option. Our team not only provided the City with an equipment list, but also a waste management plan which was successfully approved. As a prevailing wage job as indicated by the City, our team abided by complex requirements for payment of prevailing wages and participation in apprenticeship programs during the project. Our ability to successfully deliver a prevailing wage job, through close partnership with the City and client, exhibits the in- depth knowledge of the unique area. Market Sector: Residential, Affordable Housing. Project Type: Rehabilitation/Adaptive Reuse. Square Footage: 2. SF Project Highlights. Los Angeles on $3. Wednesday, February 2. With reporting by Tibby Rothman and Daniel Heimpel(And don't miss the sidebar, . City Council Got Those Huge $1. Salaries. The night before, Steavenson had watched news reports from Wilmington, where Ervin Lupoe had slain his wife, five children, then himself, after being fired over alleged workplace fraud. The Lupoe bloodbath hit a nerve with Steavenson, who is struggling in the job market, and has a learning- disabled brother. El Sereno is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles in the Eastside and one of the 272 neighborhoods in Mapping L.A., the Los Angeles Times’ resource for boundaries, demographics, schools and news within the city. The City of Topeka operates within a council-manager form of government. This system of local government combines the strong political leadership of elected officials in the form of a council, with the managerial experience of. Bike Smart: The Official Guide to Cycling in New York City, is a helpful handbook with information on making your cycling safer and easier, including tips on using newer bike facilities such as protected lanes and bike boxes. She decided to confront the 1. L. A. City Council in person.“I came to talk to them and let them know help is not easy to find,” Steavenson said later. You're Invited to El Grito Hosted by Councilmember Huizar, Featuring Los Tigres Del Norte. Join us, Los Tigres del Norte and Ezequiel Pena for a very special and FREE City of Los Angeles’ El Grito celebration on Friday. Steel reinforced concrete retaining wall, wood forms ready to pour. The Ultimate Handyman will help you choose the kind of retaining wall your property needs. Yet the part- time teacher had no idea what awaited her — “Elephant Day” at the John Ferraro Council Chamber, where the City Council would decide if the construction of a multimillion- dollar elephant exhibit at the L. A. Zoo should move forward. The elephant controversy had soaked up hundreds of hours of time, even as city officials faced the worst financial crisis in decades. Animal- rights activists, who vehemently opposed the elephant enclosure, brought in hundreds of supporters, with Cher, Bob Barker and Lily Tomlin sitting in the first two rows of the public gallery. Zoo employees and labor union members, who just as vehemently wanted the enclosure built, also jammed the room. Serious Hollywood money backed them, too, in the form of wealthy Laura Wasserman, wife of Casey, rich grandson of the late studio titan Lew. Elephant Day unfolded over the next three hours. At various points during testimony, the heavyset, swell- suited Council District 4 representative Tom La. Bonge excitedly conferred with Maria Elena Durazo, the powerful county federation of labor chief, while Westside Councilman Bill Rosendahl and Valley Councilman Tony Cardenas consulted with Cher, who wore wraparound sunglasses as she sat beneath the council chambers’ huge chandeliers. At different points, Rosendahl loudly declared that he would “like to make a point that Cher made to me” and also held a powwow with Tomlin. Valley Councilwoman Wendy Greuel, the pixie- ish and tr. Later, Rosendahl had his chief of staff, Mike Bonin, hold up a poster- sized photo of Billy the Elephant, pointing to his huge, pachyderm toes, and interrogating L. A. Zoo personnel: “Beginnings of a foot issue, true or false?” Rosendahl demanded.“I’m telling you right now,” a zoo employee said, “that elephant is in good condition.”The theater of the absurd didn’t end with the council vote to finish building the zoo exhibit: Cardenas escorted Cher to a nearby photo op, then whisked her away to a private elevator refurbished by L. A. La. Bonge stood on the steps of City Hall, excitedly saying, “I could talk all day, but I really need to get back to work!” then vanished into a side room, never to return to the chambers, where business, such as it is, was still being conducted. When Steavenson finally spoke her mind about the Lupoe massacre, she told the remaining council members, “I am doing this because I worry that you are out of touch with your constituents.”Steavenson was more accurate than she could imagine. With the highest city council salaries in the nation, at $1. Los Angeles City Council is possibly the highest- paid elected city body on the planet. Its pay far outstrips that of councils in costlier New York City, whose members earn a mere $1. San Francisco, whose members earn $9. Los Angeles council members earn about 7. Chicago City Council, at $1. On March 3, seven L. A. City Council members are up for re- election. Each will be easily re- elected in a primary election few Angelenos know is taking place. The rest will be recrowned in 2. City Hall. The one seat truly up for grabs March 3 is the tony Fifth Council District, being vacated by Jack Weiss, who is running for city attorney in a wide- open race (See separate story, “They Just Don’t Like Jack Weiss,” by Christine Pelisek, in News). The L. A. City Council salaries are not just overinflated in an era of belt- tightening. They are only a hair below the salaries of Congress, and are higher than those of federal judges. They amount to a staggering 4. Los Angeles’ median household income of $4. Roughly another $1. Repeating their salaries out loud, Fred Siegel, professor of history at the Cooper Union, Humanities and Social Sciences, in New York, and an authority on U. S. By law, it is the chief legislative body here, and its core duty is to hammer out major policies and enact laws to improve L. A. Taxpayers are showering the 1. But there is little evidence that L. A. The members admit that they never discussed what a digital billboard was, or its intrusive impact, before quickly approving them citywide; they okayed a $2. Los Angeles firefighter Tennie Pierce so fast they never looked at files on their desks, which showed photos of prankster Pierce hazing others; many now admit they had no idea what made up the $1 billion to $3. Measure B, but stuck it on next week’s ballot anyway. Even basic infrastructure problems stump this council. They squabbled over selling valuable city land throughout the run- up in land values, and now that they’re desperate for funds, council members plan to hold an embarrassing fire sale of the public’s land. For years, police have wasted precious time responding to thousands of false burglar alarms, yet the council’s 2. On top of that, the City Council blows $9 million a year on sending firefighters to fake fire alarms. A year ago, Greuel maneuvered for easy press attention by declaring a “crackdown” on false fire alarms, then dropped the ball; Greuel’s aide Ben Golombek today dismissively says fixing the fire alarm mess wasn’t a “key piece to her agenda.” The council woefully underfunds a 5. Janice Hahn shrugs it off as a “plague” even as she and her colleagues continue doling out public money — to injured pedestrians and bicyclists. While Los Angeles visibly falls apart, its illegal graffiti, illegal billboards and illegal street peddlers metastasizing, its remarkable congestion clogging each new block that’s been targeted by speculators with a “transit- oriented” project — while all this unfolds, the council burns up time on Band- Aid responses and self- congratulations. It assiduously avoids its actual job: dealing with overarching issues, such as traffic, a chronic lack of parks, and overdevelopment, which have residents fuming.“If someone did a ride- along with a City Council member for a day,” insists Garcetti, noting that he’s on the job 2. I think they would be very moved.”Unlikely, as the council exists far less as a legislative body than as an inept bureaucracy. The 1. 5 members and their huge staffs focus on — and continually congratulate themselves for — performing “constituent services” that in well- run cities are generally handled by the parks, street, sanitation and other city departments. The result here is twofold: a failing system of favor- peddling that has convinced L. A. Last year, Mc. Clendon notes, Perry announced she would grant the ultimate City Hall favor: She would “expedite” the process. Mc. Clendon smelled a rat. If you could expedite it in 2. Last year, a Van Nuys community activist named Maria asked her councilman, Cardenas, how to fight crime in Van Nuys. Residents “adopt” a trash can and empty it as needed; the city provides the basket. In recounting Cardenas’ kiss- off response, Maria asked L. A. Weekly not to use her full name because she’s worried about local criminals. Thanks to the council’s system of handing favors to residents and groups who act as their cheerleaders, many residents won’t publicly criticize a Los Angeles City Council member. To do so might mean not getting “expedited” attention. Council members spend taxpayer money to crow about these favors, oblivious to the fact that when 1. Along with Greuel, Cardenas and Rosendahl, one of the worst back- patters is Jos. In fact, the “free” bulbs were financed by Angelenos. Cardenas’ office passed out the bulbs using community organizers — and of course called the press to take credit for it. Huizar, who tools around in a taxpayer- financed Toyota Highlander hybrid that costs $4. But behind the scenes, when Huizar saw the wrappings covering the light bulbs, Parra says, he ripped into his staff. The packaging didn’t say “Compliments of Jos. Huizar sits on the powerful Planning & Land Use Management Committee, or PLUM, where Los Angeles residents go to beg its three sitting council members to tone down multimillion- dollar projects. Huizar says, “My passion is my job.” But his former field director Parra says that when it came to debriefing Huizar on key issues, “he didn’t want to be bothered.” Today, Huizar has a huge staff — averaging 2. Despite the City Council’s massive support system of about 3. White House office staff is about 4. Trying to list its top achievements in 2. Villaraigosa’s and the council’s embrace of billboards, density and congestion — Council President Garcetti touts a “green building” ordinance; a tinkering with the city’s recycling law; and the “anti- gang” Summer Lights program, in which city parks kept the lights on after dark. Parlow, a Chapman University professor of law who has written extensively on Los Angeles governance. I cannot fathom that the Los Angeles City Council puts in 6. New York City Council salaries. At 4. 00 percent of L. A. His sleek 1. 95. Dwell magazine wrote that the Daniel Dworsky–designed house “is now a study in openness, simplicity and light.”To the right of the amply- sized home, with its long, curving driveway and its spacious lot, is a large garden, where Garcetti and his wife, Amy Wakeland, grow vegetables for dinner. 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The tongs if a snub line. A relatively short length of chain attached to the tong pull chain on the manual. Drilling Contractor Get the latest oil drilling news with DrillingContractor.org. ODS-ROT Specification Manual, Internal Publication. SUBJECT: FIELD RUNNING AND HANDLING PROCEDURES. FIELD RUNNING AND HANDLING PROCEDURES. 4.2.9 Ensure that the power tong snub line is at 90 In the 1. 92. 0's, the need for a rig to work with pressures at surface drove the invention of the snubbing unit. The first snubbing unit was primarily designed to work in well control situations to . The first snubbing unit relied on the draw works of the companion rig to supply its' power. A series of sheaves, cables and counter weights were rigged up so that as the rig's traveling blocks hoisted up, the snubbing unit would snub in the hole. Conversely, when the traveling blocks on the rig were lowered, the snubbing unit would snub out of the hole. As you can imagine, this required close communication with several different contractors in order to perform the work safely and efficiently. Components of a Snubbing Unit. One of the main components of a snubbing unit is the slip. Stationary and travelling slips are operated in sequence to grip the pipe as it is snubbed into the well. Typically, a minimum of four slip bowls are used in snubbing operations. Two slip bowls are designated for . Pipe light is when the well bore forces are greater than the tubular weight in the well bore. The other two slip bowls are designated for . Pipe heavy occurs when either enough pipe has been snubbed into the well bore and fluid weight inside of the pipe is greater than the snub forces acting against the pipe in the well bore. Westco Hydraulic Tubing Tongs 5500 Manual - Download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online. DRILL PIPE MANUAL TONGS SAFETY Most Common Manual Tong Injuries Mashed. Share Rig Tong Safety. While snubbing into the hole, there is a transition point the tubular goes through from being pipe light, to pipe heavy. This transition is an equilibrium typically referred to as the . The balance point occurs when there is enough pipe weight in the wellbore to equal the snub forces generated against the pipe. In certain instances, thousands of feet of pipe can be moved with minimal effort since the pipe weight is at an equal state with the snub forces. Snubbing contractors calculate this snub force and add in a friction factor from the BOP and wall contact on either a casing or tubing string. If done correctly, the snubbing contractor can predict when this balance point will take place and can properly prepare for it. Modern snubbing units are powered by sophisticated hydraulic systems. These hydraulic units typically supply all power required by the components of a snubbing operation. With a better understanding of hydraulics and modern advances, companies have been able to harness this hydraulic energy to develop precision controlled snubbing units. These units move tubulars into and out of a well bore by use of a . They are usually denoted in size by the snubbing unit description (i. K, 3. 40. K, 2. 00. K, etc). The 4. 60. K snubbing unit has the ability to lift 4. LBS and a snubbing capacity of 2. LBS. Most snubbing units can typically snub half of their lift rating. Assume you had a well with 1. PSI at surface and wished to snub in a string of 2 3/8. The snubbing contractor can calculate the snub force, add in their respective friction calculations and project the snub force to overcome will be approximately 5. LBS. This would put a 1. K snubbing unit to close to its maximum capacity of 6. LBS snub loading. The safest bet would be a 1. K or 2. 35. K snubbing unit. Well control is taken very seriously by snubbing contractors. The BOP is the only barrier between the well bore and personnel. Depending upon well conditions, pressures and work performed, the BOP stack configuration varies greatly; there can be a minimum of three BOP's and in some cases, up to ten. All of this is determined in the pre- job phase of the operation. Pipe handling is performed by the snubbing units . The gin pole is typically telescoped out in excess of 4. With the use of dual tubing winches, multiple joints of pipe can be handled simultaneously, speeding up the operation. The snubbing . The basket contains all of the necessary hydraulic controls to operate all the features of the snubbing unit, as well as a large bank of BOP's and hydraulic valve controls. Snubbing Unit Applications. Today's snubbing units can be employed to provide a wide range of services. In essence, a snubbing unit is a hydraulic rig that can do everything a rig can do, plus it can perform under pressure in an under balanced live well state. This is especially critical to the operators in the Haynesville Shale, which is known for HPHT wells. With the use of the snubbing units' hydraulic rotary, the unit can be employed for fishing, milling, drilling, side tracking or any task needed to remove bridge plugs, cement or deepen wells. Advantages. The industry has become more aware of damages caused by heavy kill weight fluids and mud. This has helped make snubbing units more popular in a completion and workover role, versus its' traditional use as a well control response tool. With the advances in drilling technologies in the unconventional shale market, the benefits of snubbing units have become very apparent. These types of completions often have laterals extending out thousands of feet. With costly stimulations used to help extract the gas more efficiently, operators often times do not wish to turn around and load the well with heavy fluids to complete the well dead. Coiled tubing has its limitations in reach, due to wall to wall mechanical friction in horizontal wells. Often times the coiled tubing units cannot reach TD or supply the needed weight on bit to mill up composite plugs typically used in completions. Another clear advantage to using a snubbing unit is its' small footprint, which is critical on the tight locations in the unconventional shale's. Moreover, the small size and ease of mobilizing is especially useful and cost effective with offshore wells. In conclusion, with the snubbing unit's size, ability to handle pressure, rotary capabilities, rigidity of jointed tubing and minimal wall contact, snubbing units have become the chosen resource for these types of completions. |
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